WAHO INVESTIGATION & INSPECTION REPORT

THE TURKISH ARABIAN STUD BOOK, APRIL 1997

Inspection and Investigating Committee participating in the Arabian Horse Stud Book examination in Turkey, 8 - 15 April 1997.

Dr. Pesi Gazder, United Kingdom	WAHO Founder Member and Stud Book Consultant. Permanent Chairman of the Inspection & Investigating Committee.
Basil Jadaan, Syria	WAHO Executive Committee Member. Member of Syrian Stud Book Committee. Authority on Arab Pedigrees and Strains. Breeder. International judge.
Kees Mol, Netherlands	Registrar of Qatar Arabian Stud Book, formerly of British Arab Horse Society and AVS, the Netherlands. Authority on Pedigrees and Registration Procedures. Breeder. International judge.
Katrina Murray, United Kingdom	WAHO Executive Secretary. Authority on Registration Procedures. Breeder. National judge.

OFFICIAL REPRESENTATION IN TURKEY

This investigation was accomplished with the direct assistance of the following officials of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture; The Jockey Club of Turkey; the Etlik Veterinary Control and Research Institute.

Ömer Faruk Girgin	Chairman of the Stud Book Committee and Member of the Board of the Jockey Club of Turkey (JCT). Breeder and Owner.
Ömer Halim Aydin	Foreign Affairs Consultant, the JCT. Owner.
Selman Tabek	Member of the JCT. Translator. Owner and Breeder.
Dr. Mustafa Çelebi DVM PhD	Veterinary Surgeon. Director of Animal Health Section, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprise, (TIGEM), Horse Breeding Section. Former Director of Karacabey and Çifteler Studs.
Dr. Erol Demirtel	Chief of Stud Book Registry, Dept. of Horse Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture. Former director of Çifteler, Assistant Director of Karacabey. PhD in Horse Breeding. Veterinarian.
Mr. Ismail Bilir	Member of the High Board of Commissioners of Ministry of Agriculture. Veterinary Surgeon. Former Deputy Undersecretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. Gür Ozbelge	Member of the Board of the JCT.
Mr. Ercan Emre	Member of the Board of the JCT. Owner & breeder.
Mr. Bahadir Godek	President of the Horse Owners and Breeders Association of Turkey. Owner & breeder.
Önur Yetkin	Member of the Board of the JCT. Director of Izmir Race Course.
Hilmi Item	Managing Director, Sultansuyu Stud Farm
Mehmed Ali Kogterer	Stud Director, Sultansuyu Stud Farm
Yaslar Esin	Breeding Manager, Sultansuyu Stud
Mehmed Koç	Anadolu Stud
Faridun Erzurum	Karacabey Stud
Dr. Faruk Gogruz	Director, Blood Typing Laboratory, Etlik

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Any consideration of Arabian horses in Turkey must include a quick look back at history. Ever since its domestication, the horse has played a major part in Turkey’s history. Cappadocia (which means ‘Land of the Beautiful Horses’) is acknowledged as the original home of one of the earliest known civilizations, that of the Hyksos or Shepherd Kings, who introduced the horse to Egypt in the time of the early Pharaohs. Hittites, Mitanni, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Persians and Seljuk Turks all had an influence in the area - mainly mounted on oriental-type horses. The Mitanni were apparently very keen on horse-racing, a passion which has come down the millennia to the present day.

The size and influence of the Ottoman Empire, established after their conquest of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 AD, is well known. It ruled over almost the entire Arabic speaking world and extended from the Gulf to the borders of Poland, from the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic coast of Morocco. It existed for nearly 500 years, until its collapse after the end of the First World War , and exerted an influence on Arabian horse breeding which still survives to this day.

The Sultans and Generals of this gigantic and powerful empire had not only inherited equine traditions and love of horses from their Byzantine predecessors, but they also had access to the very best purebred Arabian breeding stock and used their influence to acquire large numbers for their studs, by tithe, by capture or by purchase. They knew exactly what Arabian horses were, and bred them as such for hundreds of years. They established breeding centres in every area under Turkish rule. Under the rule of Sultan Mehmet II (mid 15th century), the Conqueror of Constantinople, a vast horse market was constructed, where the buying and selling of some 7,000 horses per year took place. Nothing remains of this site, but it was situated directly in front of where the great Blue Mosque stands today.

By the sixteenth century there were reported to be 200,000 horses in the Turkish cavalry. Each district was made responsible for breeding certain numbers of the required breed of horses. Syria, Iraq, Yemen and Nejd in Central Arabia supplied purebred Arabian horses to the stud farms of their Ottoman rulers. Stable boys were brought in from Arabia especially to care for these horses, and also for those belonging to the Sultan. Wealthy individuals maintained as many as 600 horses and 70 staff on their breeding farms. The last Ottoman Emperor, Sultan Abdul Hamid II maintained a particularly fine collection of purebred Arabian horses at the turn of the century, and it should be borne in mind that even that great horse owner and collector, Mohammed Ali of Egypt, answered to the Sultans in Constantinople.

As a direct consequence of this great interest in Arabian horses over many centuries, there resulted a pool of quality horses which were eagerly sought after. Some of the best were sent as gifts to Kings and Princes throughout the world, including Queen Victoria. Military missions, traders (such as the Levant Company), agents and private individuals all came to buy these horses, which were mainly exported from Istanbul (Constantinople), Izmir (Smyrna), Iskanderun (Alexandretta), Mosul and Haleb (Aleppo). A quick glance through the stud books of other nations reveals many famous horses tracing back to these Ottoman Empire horses. See Appendix 1.

MODERN HISTORY OF ARABIAN HORSE BREEDING IN TURKEY

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 under Marshal Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Under his instructions and the directorship of Ali Riza Bey, the registration and organized breeding of horses was re-started in 1925, regulated by Government Laws of 1926 (extended and amended 1952). Several large studs were established, many at historic sites of former stud farms, including Karacabey near Bursa, Çifteler near Eskiúehir, Sultansuyu near Malatya, Karakoy near Samsun and Mercimek near Adana. Many stallion stations were also created or reorganized for the improvement of local horses and the production of cavalry horses. Purebred Arabian horses were considered the most important breed in the new Republic, and five state studs (now reduced to three) were established.

The Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey lies to the north of Syria and Iraq and includes a number of areas such as Urfa and Mardin which are traditional Arabian horse breeding areas, neighbouring the lands of the Shammar and Tai tribes. The cities of Urfa, Siverek, Suruç and Mardin are traditional sources of Turkish Arabian horses. Stallion stations standing state stud stallions were established in this area. In the 1950s a number of privately owned purebred Arabian horses from this region, including many tracing back to original imports or to state-stud lines, were incorporated into the stud books in order that these lines were not lost.

The three main state studs for purebred Arabian horses still in existence today are:-

Karacabey National Stud established in 1924 near Bursa (the ancient Ottoman capital). Originally comprised some 110,000 acres. Now 8,700 acres with 25% given over to the horses and the production of their food. Foundation stock of purebred Arabians were acquired from 1925 including Kurus and Sa’ad, both buried there. Today there are some 300 Arabian horses at Karacabey, excluding the 1997 foals.

Anadolu National Stud (formerly known as Çifteler) near Eskiúehir. In existence for several hundred years at other sites. Relocated to Eskiúehir and reorganized 1934. It is noteworthy that the stud buildings are exactly the same as those in Babolna and Poland - they were built with advice from Hungary. Originally 44,000 acres given over to horses, now reduced to 600. Today there are some 270 Arabian horses at Anadolu, not counting 1997 foals.

Sultansuyu State Stud, near Malatya. The oldest of the state studs, established by Sultan Ahmet, reorganized in 1928. Originally 100,000 acres with 30,000 set aside for the horses. Intended as the main purebred Arabian horse stud. Today there are around 250 horses at Sultansuyu and the acreage for the horses is much reduced.

Seven main Stallion Stations and over fifty sub-stations were also set up to provide state owned stallions to cover privately owned mares. Private breeders’ horses were also registered according to the strict government laws, which included fierce penalties for misrepresentation or falsehoods such as 6 months in jail. A number of those private breeders’ lines still exist today.

During the early years of reorganization of purebred Arabian breeding in Turkey, horses were first incorporated into the new state studs from within the boundaries of the new Republic of Turkey. Seven horses (which were originally imported) came from the Palace Stables of the last Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, and twelve horses were retained from the old state studs such as Sultansuyu. Further horses with extant lines were purchased mainly in the Urfa region in SE Turkey, which forms part of the grazing lands of a number of horse-breeding Bedouin tribes, such as the Shammar and the Tai. The oldest of these original horses which has an extant direct line in the state studs today is Mahsuse, an imported bay mare from the Palace Stables recorded as born in 1906 and imported in 1910.

In the late 20s and early 30s a decision was taken to increase the numbers of purebred Arabian horses with new imports from the traditional horse-breeding areas so well known to the Turks from centuries of direct contact. The men responsible for this were the two foremost Turkish authorities on purebred Arabian horses, assigned by the Ministry of Agriculture to search every corner of the Middle East for the best Arabian horses they could buy. These two experts were Prof. Dr. Selahattin Batu, Director of the Veterinary Faculty of the Zoological Institute at Ankara, and Dr. Nurettin Aral, General Director of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture. They travelled widely to the horse-breeding areas of what is now northern Iraq, Lebanon and Syria, in particular buying horses from the Anezeh and Shammar tribes. Between 1925 and 1936 they were responsible for the import of some 180 purebred Arabian horses to re-stock the stud farms. See Appendix 2 for details of one of their buying trips.

A stallion was also purchased by Mr. Aral from Babolna in Hungary in 1935, and in 1936 a six-year old stallion of the Hamdani Simri strain was presented by King Abdullah of Jordan, although neither have left registered descendants today. In 1946 the King of Saudi Arabia presented the Turkish President with a two year old stallion of the Kuhailan Zaid strain which does have registered descendants within pedigrees.

All the foundation horses as shown in Appendix A have either a ‘hojja’, which is an Arabic hand-written, sworn statement of authentication, sometimes containing a pedigree certified by thumb prints, seals and stamps, or in the case of the horses from within Turkey, sworn statements of origin and strain from the owner duly certified and authenticated by the village headman and provincial governor responsible for horse registrations. From their strains it is evident that all come from the most favoured ‘desert-bred’ origins.

Amongst the horses purchased by Aral and Batu are many who became very important in the new state studs of Turkey. The grey stallion Kuruú (1921, by a Saklavi Sieyfi out of a Küheiletül Kuruú) was purchased for 2,300 French francs in 1933 in the village of Halbe, the famous horse breeding area in the mountains of Lebanon, not far from Damascus. (See Appendix B). The Turkish delegation were fortunate to secure this highly esteemed horse, as Dr. Ahmed Mabrouk, on an extensive buying mission for the Royal Agricultural Society of Egypt, later reported: “At Beirut I found a Krush, a nice grey horse who won 17 races. This horse out of El Nowagia by Krush belongs to Saad el Din Shatila Pasha. The sire of the Krush horse which I bought was sold a few years ago to the Turkish government ...it is worth mentioning that in the only 3 stables I visited in Beirut, I saw about 30 offspring of the famous stallion Krush ....”.

Kuruú was used in Turkey for a period of ten years, where he became known as Baba Kuruú (Baba means Father) and he is buried at Karacabey with ‘Baba Sa’ad, another famous foundation stallion. Sa’ad (Veliaht) was a bay stallion (by a Kuheylan Jietni out of a Kuheylet Sa’de). This horse, also purchased in 1933, at one time belonged to one of Baghdad’s wealthiest men who turned down an offer of £10,000 Turkish lire for him. This horse apparently won many races in Iraq and India, but after injury ended his career he was sold as a carriage horse, fortunately to be found by Nurettin Aral and Ihsan Akhun, General Director of the Veterinary Ministry, who purchased him for 850 francs.

Today, there are seven extant direct male lines left in Turkey - Kuruú (1921); Berk (1924); Seklavi I (Gülap) (1924); Hilalüzzaman (1926); Übeyyan (Hedban) (1927); Sa’ad (1928); and Alkuruú (1933). Seventy two foundation mares have left direct tail female descendants, 37 of these in the state studs. Of the remaining foundation horses, 55 have left no direct tail male or tail female descendants, but can be found within the pedigrees of registered horses. All the others (90) for which records still exist have left no registered descendants in the modern Turkish stud book, but have been included in the list of foundation horses for historical interest. This leaves a total of 134 foundation horses to be designated OA which have descendants registered in the modern stud book, see Appendix A.

DIARY OF EVENTS OF THE WAHO INSPECTION & INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE:-

Wednesday 9th April 1997.

Istanbul. Full day meeting at the Jockey Club with Chairman of Stud Book Committee and colleagues. Examined photocopies of original horses’ documentation. Discussed the question of numbers of horses in the stud book. Discussed the naming of horses.

Thursday 10th April .

Flew to Izmir. Day at the races. Overnight Izmir.

Friday 11th April.

Flew to Ankara. Full day meeting at Ministry of Agriculture/TIGEM Registry Office, meeting all relevant officials including Cemal Uysal, General Director of TIGEM. Lengthy meeting with Dr. Erol Demirtel, Registrar, and all the Registry staff. Examined originals of old documents and a full set of old volumes of stud books, complete with dossiers and photographs of each horse. Examined paperwork, procedures and rules relating to registration. Visit to blood typing laboratory (ISAG approved) with demonstration of equipment. Overnight Ankara.

Saturday 12th April.

Drove to Anadolu. Examined original records of imported horses. Shown stallions, mares and youngstock. Met Stud Director and staff. Continued to Bursa for overnight stop.

Sunday 13th April.

Drove to Karacabey. Examined original records of imported horses. Shown stallions, mares and youngstock. Met Stud Director and staff. Drove back to Istanbul. Flew that evening to Malatya.

Monday 14th April.

Visit to Sultansuyu. Examined original records of imported horses. Shown stallions, mares and youngstock. Met Stud Director and staff. Flew back to Istanbul.

Tuesday 15th April.

Last meeting with Chairman of Stud Book Committee at the Jockey Club regarding final version of their rules and regulations for registration and entry.

FINDINGS OF THE INSPECTION & INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE

GENERAL COMMENTS

Following a visit to Turkey by Erika Schiele and a group from Germany in 1976, Turkey was accepted as a WAHO Applying Member in that same year, and they submitted a first draft stud book shortly afterwards covering the period to 1972. Turkey has continued to pay its annual Membership dues since that date. For a variety of reasons, the WAHO Inspection and Investigation Committee did not visit Turkey in the intervening years, although correspondence was continued between the Turkish authorities and WAHO throughout the 1980s and Turkish delegates continued to attend WAHO Conferences and give details of their Arabian horse-breeding, numbers and activities. In 1996 a second draft stud book containing some 3,000 living horses was received from Turkey complete with photocopies of the documentation for the original imports, and seven Turkish representatives met twice with the WAHO Executive Committee at the 1996 Conference in Abu Dhabi. It was agreed that an investigation visit was essential and this was duly arranged.

The Investigation and Inspection Committee were well aware that this was to be a unique investigation. The fact that the Turkish authorities have been registering their horses with complete, detailed and accurate documentation since 1925 meant that this inspection could not therefore be compared to that of any other country in the Middle East which have ‘Original Arabs’. In other Middle Eastern countries there may have been a choice in accepting the very well documented and the not so thoroughly recorded horses. In the case of Turkey, due to the excellent record keeping and documentation, such a dilemma did not exist. To accept one original and documented horse could only result in the obligation to approve all.

THE SECOND DRAFT TURKISH ARABIAN STUD BOOK, VOLUME 1

This was a well laid out book containing the following sections:-

· Purebred Arabian horse breeding in Turkey - A short history on the subject and the listing of all male and female original horses, together with their colour, strain, vendor, area of origin and year of purchase, to which all entered horses in the stud book trace back.

· Organization and entry in the stud book of all purebred Arabian horses in Turkey. Rules and regulations for registration.

· Laws, Rules and Guidelines for stud book entries of purebred Arabian horses. Articles of law (1926 and 1952) as issued by the Ministry of Agriculture for The Republic of Turkey.

· Broodmares (5 generation pedigrees) with their produce to 1995. This is the largest section of the book.

· Living stallions (5 generation pedigrees).

· List of produce arranged under their sires.

· Broodmares arranged under their sires.

· Indices

The following suggestions were made by the Inspection & Investigation Committee:-

· The registration officials should add a companion volume of family tables to the stud book so that there would be an uninterrupted link from the original stock to the horses bred today. This would make complete entry of horses onto the WAHDatabase possible, and allow researchers full pedigree histories.

· The list of Original Arabians should be extended to include the strain or name of the sire as well as the dam where known.

· All horses with registered descendants be added to the list of Original Arabians.

· The rules of registration and entry should be condensed from the existing Government laws to comply with WAHO requirements.

· An index arranged numerically to be added.

· A list of horses which have died or been retired from stud to be added.

· A list of exported horses to be added.

· The acknowledgment that the stud book is kept in accordance with WAHO rules and regulations must be added.

· Copyright and disclaimer for errors and omissions to be added.

NAMING OF HORSES

The naming of young horses in Turkey is still being done in the traditional manner, using a numbering system. At the state studs, at registration colt foals are given the name of the sire and a number, fillies are given the name of the dam and a number, both with the last two digits of the year of birth added. These numbers are freeze-branded onto the left saddle area of each animal, as a means of permanent identification. Individual unique names are then given by the new owner after the sale of state stud horses, generally at 2 years old, and well after their original registration, blood typing and parent verification. This name is then registered with the stud book authorities and the Jockey Club and stays with the horse for life.

Whilst it has to be said that the traditional numbering system was easy to follow, and of considerable help to the Inspection & Investigation Committee in checking pedigrees back to the original horses, this is however an alien system to the rest of the world and unacceptable under WAHO rules. The Inspection & Investigation Committee therefore requested that in future all purebred Arabian horses be permanently and uniquely named at the time of initial registration. This was agreed by the Turkish stud book committee but will not be retrospective. In addition each horse will still branded with its individual number and year of birth. The Inspection & Investigation Committee found the numbering system with which each horse is branded to be an extremely useful and accurate aid to identification.

RECORD KEEPING & REGISTRATION PROCEDURES

All members of the Inspection & Investigation Committee found the standard of record keeping to be nothing less than outstanding. The meticulously kept registration details, dossiers, illustrations (both photographic and pictorial) and details for all horses, including the original imported stock, were very inspiring. The wonderful visual records from the early days enabled the committee members to draw comparisons between the horses then and now. The Ministry of Agriculture for Turkey must have one of the most complete collections of photographs of their imported ‘original arabs’ in the world and should therefore be congratulated on the care and attention they have paid to their record-keeping.

Each horse has two identical dossiers, one kept at the Registry office in Ankara in annual stud books and one kept at the stud where the horse was originally placed or bred. Owners are issued with a registration document for their horses. Horses bred by private studs have always been subject to the same rules of registration, which are well publicised. The dossiers contain photographs, markings, dimensions, pedigree and, where relevant, breeding history. It was most interesting to see from these dossiers that Artificial Insemination was regularly used (based on a Russian system) as early as 1937.

Examples of all stud book volumes were examined, also all documentation such as mare return forms, covering certificates, markings and identification forms, and registration documents known as ‘Pedigris’. The Committee cross-questioned the Registrar and his staff on their procedures. These proved to be of the highest calibre, even down to having a second vet corroborate a foal’s markings, originally done by a different vet some weeks earlier, when taking the blood for bloodtyping. The records in Ankara are computerized, with paper originals. The records at the studs are on paper. Horses are re-photographed and their identity checked when ‘entered’ for breeding as adults. The Jockey Club in Istanbul also has computerized records.

The Committee was fully satisfied with the professionalism of the Turkish Registrar and his staff of 8, and have no doubt that these high standards, kept for 70 years, will be carried on into the future.

A blood typing laboratory was set up near Ankara using German technology in 1983 and from 1986 onwards all Arabian horses in Turkey have been blood typed and parentage verified before registration. The blood typing laboratory at Etlik, which is a member of the International Society for Animal Genetics, was visited. Random samples of blood types are also sent abroad, in particular to Britain, for independent checking and corroboration. A sample of a blood type and parent verification report was sent by the Inspection & Investigation Committee to a world authority on the subject, and was pronounced more than satisfactory.

The Inspection & Investigation Committee recommended to the Registrar that all their irreplaceable old records be placed on microfiche or scanned onto computer disk, the photographs be copied (not just photocopied) and the old stud book volumes be placed in fireproof safes as a matter of urgency.

NUMBERS OF HORSES IN THE DRAFT STUD BOOK

At the Executive Committee meeting in Abu Dhabi, a draft stud book had been presented and discussed which contained some 3,000 horses. The Inspection & Investigation Committee were presented with a revised draft of the stud book in Turkey. In order to accommodate the WAHO Executive Committee’s 1996 request to produce a smaller stud book containing fewer horses, 1200 individuals had been excluded, some being full siblings or closely related to animals in the state studs, many others owned by private breeders. It was the expectation of our hosts that the implication of this could have serious repercussions, causing a big rift between the state studs and the private breeders, with ultimately a feeling of betrayal and despondency, resulting in loss of interest in the breed and the potential destruction of the Arabian horse in Turkey. The additional problem of those related but unregistered horses ‘coming back to haunt us’ could not be overlooked.

The Turkish authorities confirmed that they had advertised widely for all privately owned purebred Arabians to be notified to them, and estimated that from well over 6,000 horses, approximately 2,800 had the correct documentation for inclusion in the final draft stud book.

The Inspection & Investigation Committee, having spent a full day in discussion with the Turkish Stud Book Committee Chairman, and having inspected photocopies of original ‘hojjas’, thought it logical to suggest to Turkey that they should go back and re-instate all those horses that qualify as registered purebred Arabian horses. The consideration behind this decision was the WAHO principle of inclusion rather than exclusion and the support WAHO has been seen to give to individual breeders in the world through their respective Registries. To ignore the future of the Arabian horse in Turkey by not accepting all qualified registered horses would have left them with the prospect of a potential civil war, both amongst its breeders, and between its breeders versus the state.

The Inspection & Investigation Committee all felt very strongly that insisting on a reduced number of horses on strict numerical grounds would have been a very wrong decision, denying Turkey access to the family of WAHO and indeed causing them endless internal complication and strife of the sort that has often resulted in a suspension. The Committee therefore felt that the original foundation horses, to which all present registered horses trace in their pedigrees, were those to be considered for WAHO acceptance. It therefore follows that by accepting those original foundation horses as Original Arabs (see Appendix A), all the registered purebred Arabian horses of Turkey that trace back in all lines to these horses must also be accepted. The Committee also had no doubt that if suitable arrangements had been made at any time from 1976 to 1997 for an Inspection & Investigation Committee to visit Turkey and make the necessary scrutiny of records, that Committee would have come to the same decision.

PUREBRED ARABIAN RACING IN TURKEY

For centuries racing has been popular in Turkey, along with the ancient polo-like sport of ‘Jirit’. Arabian horses are also used for pleasure riding, at riding clubs, for light farm work, and for improving other breeds in the country. The only ‘horse shows’ feature show jumping or cross country, there are no in-hand or ridden show classes in Turkey. It should be borne in mind that keeping Arabian horses exclusively for showing and breeding for beauty alone as has been the trend in Western countries is totally alien to the culture and customs of the Middle East and indeed to the original Bedouin breeders of the Arabian horse.

Racing, both for Thoroughbreds and Arabians, is incredibly popular in Turkey, rivalling football with its following. It is professionally run by the Jockey Club of Turkey from its offices at the Velifiendi Hippodromu in Istanbul, who work closely with TIGEM and the Registry in Ankara. The state runs the betting system and reinvests a large amount of money in the racing industry - in 1997 the turnover of the Jockey Club of Turkey is expected to be in the region of 400 million US dollars, with 30 million US dollars allocated to prize money for Arabian races, and a similar amount for the Thoroughbreds.

There is racing all year round, five days a week, with 250 race days a year amounting to some 1500 races, 55% of which are for purebred Arabians. Arabians start racing at 3, and can continue as long as they are sound and happy. Geldings are not allowed to race. Most big cities have their own racetrack, some organizing winter racing and others taking over in the summer months. There are both dirt/sand and grass tracks and Arabians race from 4 furlongs (3 year olds only) to 15 furlongs, the majority over 7 furlongs.. Race results have been published since 1932. A normal race day offers seven races, generally four for Arabians and three for Thoroughbreds. Prize money is high, with 10,000 US dollars being average for a standard race, and up to 200,000 US dollars for the major races and classics. Prize money in 1997 for Arabian racing is 30 million US dollars, with an additional 20% of the winning prize money going to the breeder. The top Arabian racehorse in Turkey can expect to win approximately 2 million US dollars in prizemoney in the course of a successful career. Large, cheerful and vocal crowds attend the race meetings, and all racing is televised on a dedicated channel.

For many years Turkey has been a member of the Paris Conference (Thoroughbreds) and the racing the WAHO Committee saw live at Izmir and televised from Adana was of a good standard. The Arabian races are extremely popular, there are more Arabians racing than Thoroughbreds, races are graded and horses handicapped with weights ranging from 46 to 64 kg with all racing run under Jockey Club rules. Turkey is seeking to invest considerable sums over the next few years to upgrade their racing infrastructure.

The tradition in Turkey has been that all the state studs organize several annual auctions at which surplus young stock is offered for sale to private breeders and owners. It should be noted that the majority of state stud-owned fillies and some of the colts are neither sold nor raced. At a recent (1996) select sale, 42 lots were offered and more than 200 people registered as serious bidders. The demand still outstrips supply in a burgeoning economy, leading to very high prices - the top two colts at that particular sale made $140,000 and $115,000 respectively and the lowest price was $20,000.

The current leading sire is Hilalüzzaman 25, born 1975, a beautiful and typey grey horse, himself unraced, who was still covering at Anadolu at the age of 22. His progeny have won in excess of 10 million US dollars, more than double that of his nearest rival Albatur (born 1978, from the Sa’ad sire line).

The Turkish Government always tries to buy back stallions that have had a particularly successful career at the track, although their price tag is often into the millions (in US dollars). At the time of writing this report, private breeders can use Government owned stallions at the various stallion stations around the country, but not the stallions at the three State Studs. The Jockey Club has recently announced that they are to set up a new National Stud offering top stallions to private breeders. More colts than fillies are raced, and many of the fillies in race training are privately owned/bred. There are now some 100 private breeders in Turkey, owning from two to thirty horses, and whilst they do use state owned stallions, the stud fees are very high and so in the future they are likely to start using their own stallions.

ARABIAN RACE RECORDS

In terms of racing records, if a comparison has to be made, Turkey can best be compared to France, where horses have been bred specifically for racing and there is strong government involvement with many similarities to Turkey. However, comparisons of race times is dangerous. Without knowing the weights, track conditions, race tactics and field sizes, they are little more than generalizations. For example, on the day Cigar won the Dubai World Cup at Nad Al Sheba, the ‘Duty Free’ race over exactly the same distance earlier on the card was won in a faster time - but that winner would never have beaten Cigar. Please note that such little notice is taken of race records that it has proved almost impossible to establish those of France and Great Britain.

Distance	TURKEY	RUSSIA	USA	QATAR
1000 m	1.04	1.07,6	1.00,8	-
1200 m	1.17,5	1.19	1.16,4	1.18,94
1400 m	1.30,6	1.33,7	1.32	1.31,12
1600 m	1.43,8	1.45,2	1.47,4	1.44,28
1800 m	-	1.58,6	1.58,1	2.01,05
2000 m	2.13,5	2.13	2.14,1	-
2400 m	2.41	2.41	2.52,6	2.44,04

(NB: All the race winners in Qatar are French bred)

CONCLUSIONS OF INSPECTION & INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE

Turkey has a unique group of horses, one that has seemingly been caught in a time warp. They trace in all lines back to Original Arabian horses of the very best desert-bred strains and with extraordinarily complete documentation which should be the envy of any Registry. Bred to perform, they are untouched by - some would say protected from - modern standards of ‘show ring beauty’. These horses present a unique opportunity for students of the Arabian breed who can also study their original records, together with the superb photographic material.

The Inspection & Investigation Committee felt that these original records were of such value and importance that consideration should be given by the Turkish authorities to preserve them for posterity in a museum or accessible archive.

Since the re-organization of purebred Arabian horse breeding in Turkey in 1925, Arabian horses have primarily been bred to race. Turkey produces performance horses. The modern ‘beauty’ aspect or ‘show quality’ in Arabian horses is an alien phenomenon in Turkey. When asked, they did not envisage a sudden interest in horse shows in Turkey, as they cannot really see the purpose served by ‘beauty contests’ for horses. Purebred Arabian horses in Turkey have until now been selected for conformation, athletic ability, soundness and speed.

However, on visiting the state studs it soon became clear to the Inspection & Investigation Committee that there are a large number of ‘typey’ Arabian horses in Turkey, many of which would not be disgraced in Western show rings. It was particularly interesting that individual horses from the state studs’ 7 remaining sire lines and 37 remaining female lines could, with some experience, be readily distinguished from one another. The other extant dam lines are to be found in the horses of the private breeders, of which there are now approximately 100.

It should also be emphasized that not all Arabian horses in Turkey are raced - the state studs keep 90% of their fillies as future broodmares, and some of the stallions have also been retained by the studs without being raced and no horse is ever selected purely on racing ability. The state studs do not race their own horses.

In late May 1997 the WAHO office received a third draft of the Turkish Arabian stud book Volume 1 covering the period to the end of December 1995, containing 120 stallions, 732 mares, and 2,060 of their foals, totalling 2,912 animals of which 2,668 are alive. This revised stud book contains all the requirements put to the Turkish Stud Book Committee during the WAHO Inspection & Investigation Committee visit to Turkey in early April 1997.

Whilst 2,912 “new” horses (of which 2,668 were alive in 1995) may appear at first sight a big pill to swallow, on considered reflection this is no more than the numbers of foals bred each year by Britain and Germany together, and barely more than a quarter of the number of foals bred each year in America. To reiterate, the Turkish record keeping is second to none, and they are well ahead of the rest of the world with their bloodtyping and parentage verification records since 1983.

One understandable feeling in the West is a fear that Turkish Arabians will come and flood our markets. There are those who would hate to see a new competitor in an already competitive market. The truth is that due to the success of its well funded racing industry, horses in Turkey are very expensive and demand currently outstrips supply.

The other side of the coin is, will the rest of the world flock to Turkey to try and sell them some horses? The Turkish market is in fact well protected by Government law and large import taxes. However, with their limited number of sire and dam lines, the likelihood is that the Turkish authorities will be sending out the 1997 equivalents of Dr. Batu and Mr. Aral to search for new blood, in particular stallions.

The Inspection & Investigation Committee feel strongly that the world of WAHO will be a bigger and better place with the acceptance of the Turkish Arabian Stud Book. It will not cause a threat nor change anything overnight, just as the approval of many countries before Turkey enriched rather than damaged the purebred Arabian horse worldwide. It should also be noted here that at the 1996 WAHO Conference in Abu Dhabi, a vote was taken, and passed unanimously, by the floor of the General Assembly to accept Turkey as a full new Registering Authority Member of WAHO, pending finalization, printing and circulation of their stud book.

RECOMMENDATION TO THE WAHO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

It was the unanimous recommendation of the WAHO Inspection and Investigation Committee comprising Dr Pesi Gazder, Mr. Basil Jadaan, Mr. Kees Mol and Miss Katrina Murray, that the foundation horses listed in Appendix A be accepted as Original Arabians, that therefore all their registered descendants be accepted, and that the Turkish Stud Book be accepted and added to the WAHO Definition.

At the June 1997 WAHO Executive Committee Meeting this recommendation was put to the Executive Committee. A motion to accept the recommendation of the Inspection & Investigation Committee was made by John Kettlewell, seconded by Hans Nagel and Ian Hedley, and was passed unanimously.

FINALISATION OF STUD BOOK

Following the visit of the Inspection & Investigation Committee to Turkey, the Turkish Stud Book Commission remained in close contact with the WAHO office, and a further draft stud book was submitted, complying with all the requirements agreed on during the visit to Turkey. In addition, the WAHO Office now holds copies of original registration documents for all the foundation horses as listed in Appendix A. Examples of these are included in this report for the interest of the reader, and shown in Appendix B together with the Arabic documents and translations thereof.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With regard to the organization of the WAHO Inspection & Investigation Committee’s visit to Turkey, WAHO would like to pay especial thanks to our hosts for taking such good care of us from arrival to departure. The meticulous organization of our trip made the work far easier. Although there was a lot of travelling to be done (30,300 km aggregate for the four members of the Committee), the schedule was well thought out, with not a minute wasted. Our hosts were very open, answered all our questions, and accepted all our criticisms and recommendations. It was a long hard week for all concerned, but we all agreed that we had had a most enjoyable and fascinating visit, and made many new friends.

Particular thanks are extended to Mr. Ömer Faruk Girgin, Mr. Ömer Halim Aydin, Mr. Selman Taúbek and Dr. Mustafa Çelebi, who accompanied us throughout the trip, giving generously of their time and expertise. They were exemplary hosts, for whom nothing was too much trouble.

APPENDIX 1

SOME EXAMPLES OF HORSES EXPORTED FROM TURKEY (EARLY EXPORTS MAY HAVE BEEN BRED IN OTHER OTTOMAN EMPIRE COUNTRIES e.g. SYRIA):-

AHRA 0000001	NEDJME Grey mare, foaled 1887. Imported to USA by Hamidie Society 1893.
AHRA 0000002	OBEYRAN Grey stallion 1889. Imported to USA by Hamidie Society in 1893.
AHRA 0000025-47	The Davenport Imports from the Anezeh Tribe, 1907 appx
AHRA 0000233	LEOPARD Grey stallion foaled 1873, owned by Sultan Abdul Hamid II and given by him to General Grant, imp. 1879
AHRA 0000234	LINDEN TREE Grey stallion foaled 1874, owned by Sultan Abdul Hamid II and given by him to General Grant, imp. 1879 (Note: Although Leopard and Linden Tree are recorded in AHRA as bred by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, contemporary reports name the horses as Djeytan and Misrile, the latter born at Baghdad, went to Cairo and thence to Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s Imperial stables).
POLAND	KRZYZYK - imported 1876 by Count Dzieduszycki from Safer Pasha* in Constantinople (sire line of Abu Mlech, Enwer Bey, Trypolis, Faher, Almifar, Elef, El Azrak, Banat, Piechur etc ) *(Wladislaw Koscielski, a Polish émigré who became a General in the Turkish army and sent some 25 horses from Turkey to Poland between 1860 and 1880) IBRAHIM Purchased in 1907 in Constantinople for Antoniny. (sire line of Skowronek, Raffles, Naseem, Negatiw, Bandos etc.) ILDERIM - purchased in 1900 in Constantinople for Slawuta. (sire line of Miecznik, Aquinor, Partner, Penitent, Czeremosz, Tryptyk etc) (Note: In 1900 two Turkish Arabians were entered in the Paris World Exhibition. The black stallion Suveyme won his class while the Sultansuyu bred Saklavi mare came second in hers.)

IMPORTED TO USA IN 1959 AND REGISTERED IN AHRA:-

AHRA 0016085 KIRÛEMSA 7/55 Chestnut Mare, January 27 1955. By Al Kuruú 69/50 ex 17 Kirúemsa 71/47. Bred by Konya Stud Farm, Turkey. Imported by Eleanor Lee Gilbert, Layton, Utah, USA, in 1959.

AHRA 0016086 LV YILDIZ Chestnut stallion. April 4 1955. By Alceylan 4/1934, ex Çolçiçegi XII/2219. Bred by Osman Deniz, Urfa Suruç, Turkey. Imported by Eleanor Lee Gilbert, Utah, USA in 1959.

APPENDIX 2

EXCERPT FROM TRAVEL DIARIES OF ARAL AND BATU

In order to appreciate the extent of their expertise and the lengths to which these men went to obtain horse of suitable quality, it would seem appropriate to quote from the notes kept on the historic travels of Dr. Batu and Mr. Aral, with a summarized translation of just one of their journeys, that of October 1933 to February 1934 to Syria and Iraq, taken from their book “ARABIA’S HORSEBREEDING OF TODAY” as printed in ‘Hoofbeats Along the Tigris’, with thanks to the author Judith Forbis.

“We began our quest at Beirut and its environs in view of the fact that Beirut’s race track makes this city the centre of horse-breeding development of Syria and horses are drawn to it from many corners of the Arab world. We visited the hippodromes and training courses built by former Turkish Governor Azmi Beyu and found them to be of such excellence it would be difficult to find their equal in the East. Horse breeding and racing have become hobbies of the city’s rich men and they are spending tens of thousands of lire in the erection of modern and beautiful stud farms. Good horses purchased by special agents and merchants in Syria and other horse centres are being brought to these farms.

To enable us to derive some idea of the extent of Arabian horse breeding in Syria we observed all the good racehorses at notable farms as well as at the track...... As you will see hereafter, however, where we give an account of Arabia’s horse-breeding status, this business, unfortunately, is in the hands of amateurs and not under the local government’s direction.

After investigation at Beirut and its environs we went to Damascus and on the way we saw Baka, Zagle and Baalbek, Horse-breeding activity in Damascus itself and its neighbourhood cannot be compared with those in Beirut. We could find some purebred racehorses on the farms owned by the rich landowners, and it is possible to see good horses at Damascus when they are gathered there temporarily before being transported to Beirut or Egypt for sale to the race tracks or for other commercial purposes. Although some noteworthy examples of racehorses are bred at Damascus for eventual sale to the tracks, qualified horsebreeders there are few.

One desiring to buy a good horse in Arabia may travel across all the vast regions concluding the search with perhaps only one per cent of success. We were advised to search throughout the areas of Mamudiye, Katana, Jirut, Kantira, Beytijin, Sinjar, Breyje, Sabil and Kuteyfa, and although we spent many days there, our attempt was relatively unsuccessful. We bought only two horses. After Damascus we visited Homs and its neighbourhood. The situation in respect to horse-trading at Homs is comparatively better than at Damascus, but after the examination of available horses we could not find what we wanted. They were pure-bred horses, but all were old or had severe defects.

In order to learn about Arab horse-breeding in Iraq, we initially visited the horse races and what we saw at the track discouraged us so much that we nearly gave up hope of ever reaching our desired goal. There were very few horses among the hundreds we saw that showed true Arabian quality. The vast majority possessed long legs, tucked up bellies and long backs. Both in Baghdad and Kerh we saw many racehorses, but the situation was the same.

Eventually, thanks to the assistance of Mr. Said Majid, the well-known authority on horses in Iraq, we began to look at the Arabians owned by amateur breeders, and our opinion changed. In possession of these breeders were outstanding examples of mares and stallions from reputable tribes of Iraq. But to find and be allowed to purchase the really excellent specimens of Arabian horses, it was necessary to spend weeks and search every corner of Baghdad...... we found several horses we liked, paid earnest money on them and then left to visit the prime horse-breeding centres in Iraq.

From Baghdad we journeyed to Mahmudiye, Iskenderye, Museyip, Han Kuteys, Hanulhamat, Han Misli, Kerbela, Nejif, Feysaliye, Ebuseher, Kufe, Samiye, Divaniye, Remade, Elkasim, Rihle, Babil, Hindiye and then back to Baghdad. On this trip the best examples of Arabian horses were at Mahmudiye. Due to the high fertility of the Euphrates valley, the nourishing forage and abundance of clover, we noticed the local Arabian horses were slender, graceful and in good flesh, as well as proportionate in size.

We examined a number of horses at Hilleh, but the majority of them were of ordinary type and most of them had serious defects. For example, practically all the horses had excessively sloping pasterns and the heads were far from beautiful. Though we saw a great many horses in Mahmudiye, Yusufiyeh, Hilleh and Divaniyeh, we did not find any in Kerbela and Nejif.

At Faysaliyeh we met with the Sheikhs and were shown their horses. At Hamze we liked one particularly well-formed stallion and several mares owned by Sayid Ebu Tabh. However, in all this district we did not see other noteworthy horses except for one yearling which was of really good type.

When we returned to Baghdad we visited the farms of Selamanaak, Hife and Davut Bey. At Selamanaak farm we saw mares whose progeny had won races at Bombay, but all of the mares possessed various defects. At Davut Bey farm, the horse-breeding centre which once imported very expensive horses from India for breeding purposes, we could not find the type of Arabian we were searching for.

After this trip we returned to Baghdad again and then proceeded north, following a prescribed route: Sumeykh, Bel, Duuliyeh, Samarra, Ebu Teman, Tikrit, Fetha, Tel Ali, Sherbiyeh, Kirkuk, then to Taze Harmatu, Yenice, Tavuk, Tuz Hurmatu, Mosul, Dehuk, Ayni Ebu Marya, Tel Jedde, Hukme, Kerter, Mirfrah, Kirkafir, Debshiye, Uveyant, Tel Hava, Telafar, Karateppe, Sinjar, Buyuk Ibre, Sirkat and then returned to Baghdad through Beji. During this trip we obtained the assistance of Sheikh Mehmet, Sheikh Husein Matar and Sheikh Ali at Kirkuk, and from the head of the Talebani tribe, Sheikh Feyzullah, the Sheikh of the Ubeyid tribes, and Shammar Sheikh Yaver Ibni Acil.

We were thus able to see many stallions and mares, one by one, in all the villages and towns. Here we saw expensive as well as ideal examples of Arabian stallions and mares. Thus we concluded it is possible to travel and locate good horses in this area provided sincere relations are established with the tribal leaders.”

APPENDIX B

EXAMPLES OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENTATION.

KURU 1921. Grey stallion. Purchased at Halba in the Akkar-Bekaa valley in 1933 by the Turkish delegation. Translation of Arabic ‘hojja’:-

		KURU
	Kehailet Krush		Saglawi Shaifi
Kehailet Krush		Ma’anagi Sbeli	Saglawieh Shaifieh Ma’anagi Sbeli

We the undersigned witness that the grey horse that was purchased by the Turkish Committee from his owner, so called Abdul Hameed Al Yosef, from the people of Halba village, centre of Akkar province, is Kehailan Krush who was brought to Homs previously by his owner (breeder), so called Ibn Swaileh from the Arabs of Al Sibaa clan and sold by him to Mr Mohammad Tawfic Al Quadi for the sum of one hundred Ottoman Lira when he was a yearling. And the above mentioned sold him to Solaiman Ojel from the people of Homs at the sum of one hundred and twenty Ottoman Lira and Solaiman Ojel sold him to his owner that is purchased from now, Abdul Hameed Al Yosef Al Halbawi, the above mentioned. His owner (breeder) Ibn Suaileh the above mentioned also brought his mother (dam) to Homs and sold her to the Sheikh of the Al Naim clan, so called Mohammed Al Sheyokh, at the price of one hundred lira (mathani – he will take two fillies from her or from her and from her daughter in the future).

His father (sire of the Krush) is the golden chestnut horse with blaze and markings on the left legs, he is the Saglawi Shaifi of the breeding of Ibn Ghobosh from the Al Fidaan tribe, that was purchased by Solaiman Ojel from the Fidaan and sold by him to the famous Ahmad Afandi Ebesh at the price of one hundred and sixty Ottoman Lira. The above mentioned sold him to Egypt at the price of five hundred English Lira and after that he won two races. His mother (dam) is the Saglawieh Shaifieh, the dark bay with a star who was purchased by Ibn Ghoboosh from the Imarat. His father (sire) is the bay Ma’anagi Sbeli, the large horse with a star, from the breeding of Ibn Hathal from the Arab clan of Al Imarat.

And the mother (dam) of the Krush Horse is the Keheilet Al Krush bred by the Al Fidaan. Her father (sire) is the Ma’anagi Sbeli that is also the breeding of the Al Fidaan.

We also witness that the mentioned Krush horse has sired the horses that are present in Syria and Egypt now and the degree of first class such as Ghazwan, Kohailan, and Mosheer. The mentioned horse is from the best sires that exist in Syria and for verification this was written on 29 December 1934.

Witnessed and Signed by:

Khalil Al Barazi	Rakaan Al Hamid Al Terkawi
Khalid Abu Shehab	Hasan Al Harbeshi
Mohammed Mahmoud	Amad Al Shihab
Ibrahim Al Naasan	Abdul Ali Al Hasan Al Terkawi
Ahmad Ajlouk	and others.

MAHSUSE. Bay mare. 1906. Incorporated into Turkish State Studs from the Palace Stables. Translation of Hojja.

In the Name of God the most Gracious, Dispenser of Grace, unto him alone do we turn for aid. All praise is due to Him who created all creatures and all people, and all thanks is due to Him who gave the people good horses, and our prayers on Mohammed by whom sinners seek intersection and on whom the holy book (Qur’an) was bestowed from on high. ‘Hence, make ready against them whatever force and tethering of horses you are able to muster, so that you may deter thereby the enemies of God.’ And our prayers upon the family of Mohammed and also his companions who established the foundations of the faith by their swords, from the backs of their victorious horses. For our Lord hallowed and sublimely exalted said ‘oh, by the chargers than run panting, sparks of fire striking, rushing to attack at dawn thereby raising clouds of dust, thereby storming unseen into any host’.

Therefore the bay mare named ‘Mahsuse’ is four years old. She has a stripe between her eyes ending at her bottom lip. She has a white stocking on her left foreleg and white on the left hindleg reaching to the top of the joints. On her back there are white spots. Her Dam is Ma’anaghieh, the mare of Darwiesh Haji Mousa from Alqarmaniah village. Her Sire is the horse of Abdulmohsen, the Sheikh of the Shammar, and he is a Saglawi who can breed in the darkness of the nights. We swear to Allah that her pedigree originates from the horses of the Arab masters of breeding and riding who are famed all over the world who carried the holy words. ‘And we subjected them to men so that some of them they may use for riding and some of them they may eat’.

We ask Allah Almighty to bless her offspring and to protect her rider from every harm, and to place happiness on her forehead and goodness, with the honour of the Master of the Messengers, Mohammed.

Written on the 12^th day of the good month of Satar in the year of 1,331 from the day of hijr of the last prophet, Mohammed.

Witnessed and signed by:

Haji Mohammed Bin Asa’ad

Abdul Qader Bin Ali

(from the Al Saklakah tribe)

Darweish bin Haji Mousa, Alqarmaniah village

(The date is equivalent to 12 June 1910)

AL MUMRUHIYE. Chestnut mare. 1931. Purchased in the city of Hama in 1936.

A testimony about the chestnut Mimrehieh purchased by the Republic of Turkey from Hama by the committee formed from Nurettin Aral Bey and Ihsan Akhun Bey, December 1936, at the age of five years old.

Bay Kehaileh Mimrehieh The mare of Hilal Bin Adnan From the Sbaah (Anezeh), Gomosa	Her father the Ma’anagi Sbeli at Anezeh (Sbaah)
Chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh	Her father is Ma’anagi Sbeli, the horse of Ibn Daffaq from the Mawahib (Sbaah) Anezeh
Chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh	Her father is Ma’anagi Sbeli, the horse of Ibn Faitel from the Risaleen Anezeh (Sbaah)
Grey Kehaileh Mimrehieh	Her father is Kehailan Al Nowaq, the horse of Hitmi Bin Roshda from Al Dawam Anezeh (Sbaah)
Chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh	Her father is Ma’anegi Sbeli from the horses of the Sbaah in Hama

Allah Almighty said in his precious book Q’uran ‘The love of passion that comes from women and children has attracted mankind, as well as accumulated gold and silver treasures, pedigreed horses, livestock and crops.’ The Asil Horses are blessed and valued for that Allah Almighty mentioned them many times in his precious book. The Republic of Turkey purchased from Hama by the help of Ali Saif Aldeem from the people of Hama some Asil Horses. Among them is the chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh, her family tree is shown above. We witness that her fourth grandmother the bay is the mare of Hilal Bin Adnan from the Sbaah (Anezeh) and her father is Ma’anagi Sbeli. At Anezeh, she gave birth to the chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh whose father is the Ma’anagi Sbeli, the horse of Ibn Daffak from Sbaah, and her daughter is the chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh. And her daughter is the chestnut Kehaileh Mimrehieh and her father is Ma’anagi Sbeli the horse of Ibn Faitel from the Risaleen Anezeh. And her daughter is the grey Kehaileh Mimrehieh and her father is Kehailan Nowaq the horse of Hitmi Bin Roshda from Sbaah Anezeh. And she gave birth to the chestnut mare that the Republic of Turkey purchased from Hama by the committee formed from Nurettin Aral Bey and Ihsan Akhun Bey in December 1936. And her father is the Ma’anegi Sbeli in Hama and as because the mentioned mare is a Kehaileh Mimrehieh from the horses of Ibn Adnan (Anezeh) which are from the famous Asil horses of the Anezeh as shown above, we came with the testimony for Allah and his Messenger.

Witnessed and Signed by:

Mokhtar Mohammad Al Shaqfeh	Hasan Mohammed Al Shaqfeh
Shafeeq Shaqaqi	Saad Aldeen Al Saffaf
Hamdo Al Zakkar	Ahmead Ashour
And others

APPENDIX A

THE TURKISH FOUNDATION HORSES, TO BE DESIGNATED ORIGINAL ARABIANS

BREEDERS OR VENDORS ARE KNOWN IN MOST CASES, THE MAJORITY OF IMPORTS HAVE ARABIC ‘HOJJAS’ ON FILE. FOR HORSES LISTED AS IMPORTED FROM BAGHDAD, PLEASE NOTE THAT MANY WERE BRED BY BEDOUIN TRIBES SUCH AS SHAMMAR, TAI, TALEBAN AND ANEZEH AND BROUGHT TO BAGHDAD FOR RACING AND SALE. THE MAJORITY OF HORSES FROM THE URFA AREA LISTED WITHOUT DATES WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE STUD BOOK IN THE 1950s.

THOSE IN BOLD TYPE HAVE LEFT DIRECT MALE AND FEMALE LINES.

THOSE IN NORMAL TYPE HAVE LEFT DESCENDANTS WITHIN PEDIGREES.

THOSE IN ITALICS HAVE LEFT NO DESCENDANTS IN THE MODERN TURKISH STUD BOOK VOLUME 1.

NAME	Year of Birth.	Colour and sex	Sire (strain or name)	Dam (strain or name)	Place of Origin	Imported or first Registered
ABBASE	1931	ch m	Hedban	Hamdaniye Simriye	Iraq	1936
ACBE	1926	gr m	Hamdani Simri	Küheyletül Sahara	Mosul	1931
ADO (III/259)		m	Mesut (K. Cereyban)	Hediye (Hamdaniye)	Urfa
AGAN	1927	gr m	Maneki	Küheyletül Cietni	Baghdad	1936
AGLAYAN KERKÜK	1931	br m	Küheylan	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1933
AKIN	1929	ch s	Seklavi Aligurri	Manekiye	Ankara	1935
ALCEYLAN	1922	ch s	Seklavi Aligurri	Seklaviye Aligurri	Istanbul	1925
ALCEYLAN (I/16)		ch s	Seklavi	Übeyye	Urfa
ALCEYLAN 2	1925	ch s	Hamdani	Seklaviye	Ankara	1937
ALDERVIÛ	1910	ch s	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Sultansuyu
ALFERHA	1931	m	Küheylan Nevvak	Seklaviye Cedraniye		1931
ALKURUÛ	1933	ch s	Küheylan Hidli	Küheyletul Kuruú	Hama, Syria	1936
ALMUMRUHIYE	1931	ch m	Maneki Subeyli	Küheyle Memruhiye	Syria	1933
ALNAZLI	1921	ch m	Küheylan	Küheyletül Acuz	Urfa	1925
ALSEKLAVI	1927	ch m	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1931
ALTAY		s	Imported. There is an Arabic hojja
ALTAYYAR	1923	ch s	Kuruú	Kuruú	Sultansuyu
AMIRE	1931	ch m	Dehman Umm Amr	Küheyletül Acuz	Baghdad	1936
AYALAN	1928	b s	Dehman Umm Amr	Küheyle	Baghdad	1933
AYNUR 4	1958	ch m	Übeyyan	Küheyle Cenup	Urfa
BAGDATGÜLÜ	1927	ch m	Küheylan Üssürra	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1933
BAHADIR ARAP	1930	gr s	Küheylan	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
BEHRE	1929	gr m	Maneki	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
BERK (NASHWAN)	1924	ch s	Küheylan Berk	Küheyletul Berk	Baghdad	1933
BULUT	1912	m	Dehman Umm Amr	Manekiye	Palace	1924
CAHIDE	1915	gr m	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Palace/d.b.	1917
CEMILE	1918	b m	Küheylan Riúan	Küheyletül Riúe	Balikesir	1925
CEVHER		s	Imported. There is an Arabic hojja
CEYLAN 209	1959	ch m	Übeyyan	Hamdaniye	Urfa
CEYLAN 37	1935	b m	Hamdo	Seklaviye	Urfa
CEYLANI YEKTA	1924	ch s	(Usfur)	(Ferda)	Urfa	1937
CILFE	1918	gr m	Hamdani	Küheyletül Cilfe	Urfa	1925
CIREYBAN	1941	m	Seklavi Jedran	Küheyletül Cireyban	Syria	1945
ÇIÇEK 7	1950	ch m	Küheylan Cilfe	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Urfa
ÇOLÇIÇEGI	1924	b m	Küheylan Nevvak	Manekiye Hidirciye	Baghdad	1933
ÇÖLHAN (X/859)		ch m	Hathut (III/235)	Serap (Manekiye)	Urfa
DEGARE	1928	gr m	Hedban	Sa’ade	Baghdad	1936
DILBER	1923	b m	Hamdani Simri	Küheyletül Umm Argub	Urfa	1929
DORU HAMDE	1922	b m	Küheylan	Küheyle
DORU ÛENKIZ	1925	b m	Übeyyan	Küheyle
DORU TAYYAR	1925	b s	Kuruúan Ciberu	Küheyle	Sultansuyu
EBCER	1915	gr s	Küheylan Acuz	Küheyletul Acuz	Palace/d.b.	1926
EMEK	1935	ch s	Küheylan Hidli	Küheyletül Kuruú	Çifteler
FAKIHE	1929	gr m	Übeyyan	Seklaviye	Baghdad	1936
FATIHE	1929	b m	Maneki	Seklaviye	Baghdad	1936
FAZILA	1923	ch m	Maneki Subeyli	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1931
FERHA	1924	ch m	Küheylan Nevvak	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1931
FERHAN	1921	b s	Seklavi	Dahmanül umm Amr	Siverek	1925
FERRUH (I/86)		ch m	Maneki	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Urfa
FINDIK	1916	ch m	Hamdani	Seklaviye	Urfa	1929
FÜRCE	1930	b m	Übeyyan Ûerrak	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1936
GADRA (III/288)		m	Sado	Necma	Urfa
GANDI (Almaz)	1919	ch s	Küheylan Hidli	Küheyletül Umm Argup	Baghdad	1933
GUFRE	1928	gr m	Seklavi Cedran	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1936
GÜLER	1934	b m	Küheylan Nevvak	Küheyletül Acuz	Iraq	1936
GÜMÜÛ	1913	gr s			Mercimek
GÜVERCIN 1 (XV/2793)		ch m	Hamdani	Manekiye Sellati	Urfa
GÜZEL	aged	m	Übeyyan	Übeyye	Palace	1928
HADIT	1930	ch s	Seklavi	Übeyye Ûerrak	Urfa	1933
HALEPGÜZELI	1930	gr m	Seklavi Cedran	Küheylet Umm Cenup	Aleppo	1933
HAMDANI	1929	b s	Maneki Subeyli	Hamdaniye Simriye	Baghdad	1933
HAMDANI	1944	gr m	Küheylan el Nevvak	Hamdaniye Simriye	Saudi Ar	1946
HAMDANI 2 (III/210)		ch s	Küheylan 3	Hamdaniye	Urfa
HAMDANI I (II/147)		m	Hamdani	Hamdaniye	Urfa
HAMDANI SAMIRI	1930	b s	Kuruú	Hamdaniye Simriye	Jordan	1939
HAMDANI SIMRI	1925	gr s	Kuruú	Hamdaniye Simriye	Baghdad	1936
HAMDE	1923	b m	Hamdani	Küheyletül Acuz	Urfa	1926
HAMDO (II/153)		s	Hamdani	Hulfa	Urfa
HATAY	1932	ch s	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Iraq	gift
HATHUT (III/235)	1934	gr s	Seklavi	Seklaviye	Urfa
HEDBA	1927	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Hedbani	Baghdad	1936
HEDBAN	1934	ch s	Hedban	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
HEZBAN	1929	gr m	Dahman Umm Amr	Hezbani	Haif	1936
HIDILLI	1929	b m	Küheylan Hidli	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
HILALÜZZAMAN	1926	b s	Küheylan Nevvak	Übeyye	Mosul	1936
HIRHEYBE		ch m	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1931
HÜMAYUN (V/414)		ch s	Hamdo (II/153)	Kuruú	Urfa
HUMRE	1930	ch m	Maneki Subeyli	Übeyye Ûerrakiye	Baghdad	1936
HURIYE	1955	gr m	Hamdani	Hamdaniye	Urfa	1958
HÜZEYMAN	1932	ch s	Hüzeyman	Manekiye
IDE	1922	ch m	Hamdani	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
IRAK YILDIZI	1925	ch m	Saklavi Tallal	Saklaviye Ibn Zubeyni	Baghdad	1933
KADDAH	1920	ch s	Übeyyan	Manekiye Hidriciye	Baghdad	1933
KAMER	1930	gr m	Hamdani Simri	Subeyhi		1942
KAPITAN	1929	ch s	Kuruú	Kubeyúe	Diyarbakir	1937
KARAINCI	1934	bl m	Küheylan Cuaytni	Manekiye	Baghdad	1936
KARTAL 2/195	1937	ch s	Übeyyan Henedis	Sirim	Urfa
KAYAHAN (X/968)		ch m	Hamdani 4	Mehlican (VIII/709)	Urfa
KAZIMIYE		m	Seklavi	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
KEMIYETÜLIRAK	1930	gr m	Hamdani Ifri	Seklaviye	Baghdad	1936
KIRÛEMSA	1921	gr m	Hamdani	Übeyye	Urfa	1925
KIRMEMRUHIYE	1930	gr m	Maneki Subeyli	Küheyle Memruhiye	Syria	1936
KIRÛEMSA	1921	gr m	Hamdani	Übeyye	Urfa	1925
KURTCEBE	1924	gr s	Hamdani	Küheyletül Cietni	Elazig, TK	1929
KURUÛ	1921	gr s	Seklavi Ûieyfi	Küheyletül Kuruú	Halbe	1933
KURUÛ ÛATRA	1923	gr s	Rabdan	Kuruú	Baghdad	1936
KURUÛ (RABBAN)	1929	ch s	Kuruú	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
KÜHEYLAN	1930	ch s	Seklavi Cedran	Küheyle	Baghdad	1933
KÜHEYLAN DABI	1924	ch s	Dehman Umm Amr	Küheyle Dabi	Baghdad	1936
KÜHEYLAN MEMDUH	1910	gr s	Übeyyan	Küheyletül Acuz	Palace/d.b.	1926
KÜHEYLAN MERZUK	1930	gr s	Kuhailan IV	17 Mersuch-I-1	Hungary	1935
KÜHEYLAN SAID	1944	b s	Küheylan	El Küheyletül Saide	Saudi Ar	1946
KÜHEYLETÜL ACUZ	1926	ch m	Küheylan Acuz	Küheyletül Acuz	Baghdad	1936
KÜHEYLETÜL KURUÛ		m		Küheyletül Kuruú	Baghdad	1936
LALE	1921	ch m	Seklavi Lüheyfi	Seklaviye Lüheyfi	Urfa	1928
LEYLA (HAMDANI)		ch m	Seklavi Ûieyfi	Zeliha (Hamdaniye)	Urfa
LEYLA (VIII/687)		ch m	Kartal 2/195	Güzel (Hamdani Budak)	Urfa
LEYLA 17 (XI/2059)		ch m	Hatay (1932)	Yildiz (Manekiye)	Urfa
LEYLA 75 (XXXI/3889)		ch m	Übeyyan	Seklaviye	Urfa
LEYLA 121 (XVII/3193)		ch m	Hamdani	Seklaviye Sadi	Urfa
LEYLA 194 (XX/3734)		b m	Seklavi Ûieyfi	Manekiye	Urfa
LEYLA 386 (XXVI/4852)		ch m	Übeyyan	Seklaviye	Urfa
MACERA 4/373		b m	Ûüveyman	Hezba	Syria	1933
MAHIDE	1927	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
MAHSUSE	1906	b m	Seklavi	Manekiye	Palace/d.b.	1910
MAIDE	1919	gr m	Seklavi	Seklaviye	Karacabey
MAKBUL		s	Imported. There is an Arabic hojja
MALIKE	1929	gr m	Übeyyan	Übeyye	Baghdad	1936
MANEKI	1926	b m	Maneki	Manekiye	Baghdad	1936
MANEKI HÜMEYS	1932	b s	Maneki Humeys	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1936
MANEKIYE		m	Maneki Subeyli	Übeyye Ûerrakiye	Baghdad	1931
MASHUHA	1930	b m	Küheylan Nevvak	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
MATRA	1927	b m	Maneki	Manekiye	Baghdad	1931
MEBRUKE	1924	ch m	Küheylan	Seklaviye (Hayriye)	Balikesir	1928
MEBRUKE	1929	ch m	Ûüveyman	Küheyletül Acuz	Baghdad	1936
MELIKE 10	1958	gr m	Kuruú	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Urfa
MELIKETÜLCEMAL	1930	ch m	Treyfi	Küheyletül Acuz	Baghdad	1936
MELVIYE	1930	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Küheyletül Cietni	Baghdad	1936
MENCULE	1931	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
MERYEM	1928	gr m	Dehman Umm Amr	Küheyletül Kuruú	Baghdad	1936
MERZUKA	1920	gr m	Küheylan Kubeyúan	Küheyletül Kubeyúe	Samsun	1926
MESRURE	1912	ch m	Küheylan Acuz	Küheyletül Acuz	Palace/d.b.	1924
MES’UT	1926	gr s	Übeyyan (Muhip)	Übeyye (Hayriye)	Karacabey	1930
MES’UT (V/499)		gr s	Mes’ut (Kuruú)	Leyla (Kuruú)	Urfa
MIHRE	1931	gr m	Hedban	Übeyye	Baghdad	1936
MIHRÜLCAN	1934	b s	Kuruú	Manekiye	Urfa	1936
MUSULYELI	1924	gr m	Übeyyan Fudeyh	Übeyyetül Serrakiye	Mosul	1933
MÜNTEHA	1924	gr m	Seklavi Cedran	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
NAFIA	1931	b m	Küheylan Rumayyiz	Seklaviye	Baghdad	1936
NAIME	1914	b m	Küheylan Riúan	Küheyletül Riúe	Malatya	1926
NAZIMA	1927	b m	Küheylan Nevvak	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
NEAME	1923	b m	Seklavi Cedran	Dahmanül Umm Amr	Baghdad	1931
NECITKIZI	1933	b m	Küheylan Hidli	Küheyletül Nevvak	Iraq	1936
NECLA	1922	m
NECMA 14	1958	ch m	Nevvak	Yildiz (Meriye)	Urfa
NECME	1925	ch m	Küheylan Nevvak	Manekiye Sübeyhi	Baghdad	1931
NECMIYE	1921	ch m	Küheylan Nevvak	Küheyletül Carcariye	Urfa	1925
NERIMAN 2	1958	ch m	Kuruú	Ziveygi	Urfa
NEVVAK	1924	gr s	Küheylan Nevvak	Küheyletül Nevvak	Baghdad	1933
NOMA 24	1958	ch m	Übeyyan	Leyla (K. Cietni)	Urfa
NURE	1928	ch m	Küheylan Cietni	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
NURE	1929	gr m	Hamdani	Manekiye	Baghdad	1936
OKTAY	1932	gr s	Küheylan	(Billur)	Mardin
OYUNCU	1933	ch m	Hedban	Hamdaniye	Iraq	1936
PAKIZE	1949	gr m	Seklavi	Ceylan 37	Urfa
PEMBE	1920	gr m	Übeyyan	Übeyye	Sultansuyu
RACIA	1932	gr m	Hamdani Simri	Seklaviye	Kerbela	1936
REÛIDE	1925	gr m	Seklavi Cedran	K. Cietni Hamet	Deli Abbas	1936
RODE	1930	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Manekiye Sübeyhi	Baghdad	1936
SA’AD (Veliaht)	1928	b s	Küheylan Cietni	Küheyletül Sa’ade	Baghdad	1933
SA’D	1925	ch m	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
SABIKA	1926	b m	Suveyti	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1936
SABIKA I	1929	ch m		Manekiye	Sultansuyu	1932
SABUH I	1957	gr m	Kuruú	Hamdaniye	Urfa
SAHRA	1926	ch m	Cietni	Manekiye	Baghdad	1931
SAKLAVI	1934	gr s	Seklavi Cedran	Hamdaniye	Baghdad	1936
SAKLAVI 34/32	1932	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
SAKRI PAÛA	1931	ch s	Hedban	Küheyletül Acuz	Çifteler
SAMIHA	1931	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
SANTE	1927	gr m	Maneki Subeyli	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
SAPHA	1923	ch m	Erkürül Biza	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Çifteler
SAPHA PEKMEZ	1930	ch m	K. Umm Semra Seyhan	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
SEBHAN I	1952	gr m	Seklavi	Nevvaki	Urfa
SEKBAN FETHATULARAP	1929	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
SEKLAVI	1920	gr s	Seklavi Ûieyfi	Seklaviye Ûieyfi	Siverek	1926
SEKLAVI	1923	gr m	Seklavi Ûieyfi	Seklaviye Ûieyfi	Urfa	1926
SEKLAVI ÛIEYFI	1927	ch s	Küheylan Kuruú	Seklaviye Ûieyfi	Urfa	1931
SEKLAVI I (Gülap)	1924	ch s	Hamdani ibn Gurap	Seklaviye Ucrefi	Baghdad	1933
SEKLAVI II	1925	ch s	Übeyyan Suheyli	Seklaviye Cedrani Nasiri	Iraq	1933
SEMIRAMIS	1925	ch m	Küheylan Acnabi	Manekiyetül Ekra	Dell Abbas	1933
SENKAP	1945	m	Hakan	Selma	Çukorova	1949
SERDAR	1930	ch s	Seklavi Ûieyfi Ibn Basri	Küheyle Armusi	Ankara	1934
SEYLA	1924	b m	Küheylan Acuz	Küheyletül Acuz	Mosul	1931
SEYYARE	1931	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Seklaviye	Baghdad	1936
SEYYIDE	1929	ch m	Küheylan Ebu Sireyre	Seklaviye	Baghdad	1936
SIMRI	1936	m	Nevvak	Yildiz (Manekiye)	Çukorova
SOLMAZ		ch m	Seklavi Cedran	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Palace/d.b.	1926
SUADE	1921	b m	Seklavi	Küheyletül Nevvaki	Siverek	1925
SUZA	1921	b s	Küheylan	Küheyle	Ankara	1933
SÜBEYHA	1924	ch m	Maneki Subeyli	Küheyletül Acuz	Baghdad	1931
SÜBEYHA	1931	gr m	Dehman	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
SÜBEYHI	1922	gr m	Übeyyan Serrak	Manekiye Subeyhi	Urfa	1926
SÜMERKIZI	1929	b m	Küheylan Nevvak	Küheyletül Cilfe	Dell Abbas	1933
ÛAHANDE	1930	gr m	Hamdani Ibn Evciyan	Hamdaniye Simriye	Baghdad	1936
ÛAHIDE	1931	ch m	Küheylan Cietni	Hamdaniye Simriye	Baghdad	1936
ÛAMMARLI	1928	gr m	Küheylan Mahsus	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Baghdad	1936
ÛEHBAL	1913	gr m	Übeyyan Ûerrak	Übeyye Ûerrakiye	Urfa	1928
ÛEMSA		b m	Hamdani	Mahsuse	Karacabey
ÛENKIZ	1930	ch m	Nevvak	Küheyletül Abdulhamid	Iraq	1936
ÛERZETÜLHAVVA	1928	bl m	Übeyyan Ûerrak	Hamdaniye Ibn Gurap	Baghdad	1936
ÛIHA	1926	ch m	Seklavi Cedran	El Kubeyúe	Mosul	1931
ÛIRIN (XIV/2476)		gr m	Hamdani	Seklavi (Cilfe/Seklaviye)	Urfa
ÛÜVEYME	1925	m	Küheylan	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Shammar	1931
TAÇ	1934	m	Maneki	Seklaviye Cedraniye	Iraq
TALAT		m		Seklaviye	Çifteler
TECLIHIN	1930	gr m	Maneki Subeyli	Küheyletül Cilfe	Baghdad	1936
TILBE	1923	b m	Küheylan	Manekiye Hidriciye	Baghdad	1931
TREYFI	1932	gr s	Küheylan Treyfi	Küheyletül Treyfi	Baghdad	1936
TÜRFETURNUR	1931	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Manekiye	Baghdad	1936
ÜBEYYAN (HEDBAN)	1927	b s	Seklavi	Übeyye	Baghdad	1936
ÜBEYYAN	1913	gr s	Übeyyan	Übeyye	Izmir	1933
ÜBEYYE	1928	gr m	Übeyyan	Übeyye	Hama	1936
UÇAR	1926	gr m	Küheylan Acuz	Übeyye	Ankara	1937
UGURLU (IV/390)		ch m	Hamdo II/153	Kilbiyye	Samsun
YAVER		s	There is an Arabic hojja
YILDIZ	1920	gr m	Küheylan Cietni	Küheyletül Cietni	Ankara/d.b	1928
YILDIZ	1923	ch m	Hamdani	Manekiye	Urfa	1928
YILDIZ (VIII/662)		ch m	Hathut	Ceylan (Manekiye)	Samsun
YILDIZ 16 (XII/2005)		ch m	Seklavi Aligürri	Hamdaniye Budak	Urfa
YILDIZ 25 (XII/2186)		ch m	Seklavi	Seklaviye	Bursa
ZAFIRE	1931	ch m	Dehman	Küheyle	Baghdad	1936
ZAHIDE	1932	ch m	Hedban	Manekiye	Baghdad	1936
ZAHIDE	1926	gr m	Hamdani	Küheyle	Baghdad	1931
ZAMBAK (XIII/2337)		m	Hamdani	Manekiye	Urfa
ZEHRA	1923	ch m	Hamdani	Manekiye	Urfa	1926

Note: Spellings are as used in Turkey. Pronunciation guidelines for English speakers are, simply, that ‘c’ = ‘j’; ú = sh; ç = ch. The spelling of strain names varies considerably from country to country, therefore those for the mares have been slightly altered from the Turkish spelling into more familiar feminine forms used elsewhere.